• On-Grid: Connected to the utility grid, offsets electricity bills, no battery needed.
• Off-Grid: Independent of the grid, requires batteries for energy storage.
• Hybrid: Combines on-grid with battery storage for backup during outages.

Solar panels contain photovoltaic cells that absorb sunlight, creating an electric current (DC). An inverter converts this to alternating current (AC) for use in homes or businesses.

• Reduces electricity costs.
• Lowers carbon emissions, supporting sustainability.
• Minimal maintenance with long lifespan (30 years for panels).
• Potential for energy independence (off-grid/hybrid systems).
• Eligible for tax credits/rebates in many regions.

• Solar panels
• Inverter (DC to AC conversion)
• Mounting structure
• Batteries (for off-grid/hybrid systems)
• Net meter (for on-grid systems)
• Monitoring system (optional)

Depends on system size (kW), sunlight hours, intensity of radiation and location. A 1 kW system in a sunny area can generate ~4–6 kWh/day. For example, a 5 kW system might produce 20–30 kWh daily.

• Sunlight availability (more sun = more power)
• Panel efficiency and quality
• Roof angle and orientation (south-facing optimal in Northern Hemisphere)
• Shading from trees or buildings
• Weather conditions (clouds reduce output)

Solar panels don’t generate power at night and produce less on cloudy days. On-grid systems draw from the grid, while off-grid/hybrid systems rely on stored battery power.

• Solar panels: 30 years (with ~80% efficiency after 25 years)
• Inverters: 5–15 years (may need replacement).
• Batteries (if used): 5–7 years, depending on type.

Low maintenance: clean panels every month to remove dust/debris, and check inverters/wiring periodically. Professional servicing may be needed every few years.

Most areas with sunlight can support solar, but efficiency varies. High-latitude regions or areas with frequent cloud cover produce less.

Residential installations take 1–3 days, but permitting and grid approvals (for on-grid systems) may add 1–4 weeks.